What Are Really The Reasons Behind Why People Want Children Essays

"What are really the reasons behind why people want children?" Why do people want children? This question may seem a bit trivial, but when you take into affect the millions of people that have children each day the question quickly takes on a new light. This is not just merely a personal question that affects only a few individuals, it is much larger than that because it affects and dictates the whole human population. This issue clearly becomes more important when this is taken into account. The question of why people want children is well exemplified in Bernard R. Berelson's essay "The Value Of Children: A Taxonomical Essay." Berelson examines all the major reasons that people would want to have children one-by-one. Berelson opens with the first reason of biological. He asks questions like, "do people innately want children for some built-in reason of physiology? Is there anything to maternal instinct, or parental instinct? Or is biology satisfied with the sex instinct as the way to assure continuity"(220)? Berelson tries to answer these questions by comparing babies to adults and also the reaction that adults have to babies. Berelson states the fact that babies look absolutely different from adults. They have big heads, large foreheads, eyes almost in the center of their head because of their large forehead, and they are very fat compared to adults. This is why Berelson believes that this "babyishness" triggers something inside of man that causes him to want to protect and care for the baby. When social traditions dictate the number of children a family has this can be seen as the cultural influence of having children. In most cultures even the number of children one has is determined by the society. These social normalities can determine whether or not a family has a very small amount to a very large amount. Having children in order to gain power is the political side to having children. Berelson states all the political reasons very well when he says, "There are political units for whom collective childbearing is or has been explicitly encouraged as a demographic duty-countries concerned with national glory or competitive political position; governments concerned with the supply of workers and soldiers; churches concerned with propagation of the faith or their relative strength; ethnic minorities concerned with their political power; linguistic communities competing for position; clans and tribes concerned over their relative status within a larger setting"(221). This statement that Berelson makes clearly emphasizes all the political reasons for having children. Of course, how can one forget that there are economic reasons for having or not having children? Whether you have children or do not it is obvious that they are definitely a very financial decision. In societies like ours, as Berelson points out, having children is a very costly endeavor. Berelson speaks the truth about what parents are really thinking before having a child when he says, "before conception: another child or a trip to Europe; a birth deferred in favor of a new car, the nth child requiring more expenditure on education or housing"(222). These thoughts run through just about all perspective parents before the decision is made to have children. There is good side to the economic reason for the poor. The poor can use their children to work, hunt, help take care of the home and other children, in some societies if one is a female she can get a dowry for an arranged marriage, and finally for support when the parents grow older and need it. Though as Berelson states, "both s ocieties and families tend to choose standard of living over number of children when the opportunity presents itself"(222). There is always the reason of family or as Berelson puts it "Familial". The reasons of familial are to extend a family name, to try to please the ancestors, and to enable proper religious ceremonies for some cultures. The family bond can also be used to help or hold a marriage together. A family gives one a sense of security, not only the child but also the parents. Berelson makes a sometimes less than obvious statement when he says, "Children need family, but the family seems also to need children"(223). The last subject that Berelson goes into

Free Essays on The Life And Famous Work Of Leonardo Da Vinci

The Life and Famous Works of Leonardo da Vinci 1452 – 1519 Leonardo da Vinci was born on Saturday, April 15, 1452, in the small hamlet of Anchiano not far from the Tuscan town of Vinci situated about twenty miles west of Florence. He was the illegitimate son of Master Piero da Vinci, who was a notary public. In the same year Leonardo was born, Ser Piero married his first wife. He didn’t marry Leonardos mother Caterina. She was probably the daughter of a farmer. (library.thinkquest.org/3044 adv_over.html 1)Local tradition locates his birthplace to a stone cottage that overlooks fields of olive groves. Leonardo da Vinci was a very talented man. Other than his mathematical achievements, he also became a great inventor, astronomer, scientist and of coarse a painter. Besides having the great talent and potential for painting, geometry was his main love for life. He received his education in his father’s house: the usual elementary education of reading, writing, and arithmetic. Then in 1467, when he was seventeen years old, he became an apprentice to Verrocchio; learning painting, sculpture, and attained technical and mechanical skills. In 1472 and the age of 20, "Leanardo di Ser Pierro da Vinci dipintor" was accepted into the painters’ guild in Florence, but he continued to work as an apprentice until 1477. In 1476, he was denounced by the Night Watch, but was acquitted of the charge of immoral conduct. Someone wrote a letter to the city governors and thus, started a rumor, telling of his homosexuality. His family, as well as Verrocchio, intervened and eventuall y the charges were dropped. It is thought that this is why he spent much of his life as a recluse. (www.loadstar.prometeus.net/leonardo/life.html 1) He returned to Florence in 1500. (Hart 96) The Mona Lisa The Mona Lisa is regarded as the most famous and well-known works in all of art history. Leonardo painted it while working on The Battle of ... Free Essays on The Life And Famous Work Of Leonardo Da Vinci Free Essays on The Life And Famous Work Of Leonardo Da Vinci The Life and Famous Works of Leonardo da Vinci 1452 – 1519 Leonardo da Vinci was born on Saturday, April 15, 1452, in the small hamlet of Anchiano not far from the Tuscan town of Vinci situated about twenty miles west of Florence. He was the illegitimate son of Master Piero da Vinci, who was a notary public. In the same year Leonardo was born, Ser Piero married his first wife. He didn’t marry Leonardos mother Caterina. She was probably the daughter of a farmer. (library.thinkquest.org/3044 adv_over.html 1)Local tradition locates his birthplace to a stone cottage that overlooks fields of olive groves. Leonardo da Vinci was a very talented man. Other than his mathematical achievements, he also became a great inventor, astronomer, scientist and of coarse a painter. Besides having the great talent and potential for painting, geometry was his main love for life. He received his education in his father’s house: the usual elementary education of reading, writing, and arithmetic. Then in 1467, when he was seventeen years old, he became an apprentice to Verrocchio; learning painting, sculpture, and attained technical and mechanical skills. In 1472 and the age of 20, "Leanardo di Ser Pierro da Vinci dipintor" was accepted into the painters’ guild in Florence, but he continued to work as an apprentice until 1477. In 1476, he was denounced by the Night Watch, but was acquitted of the charge of immoral conduct. Someone wrote a letter to the city governors and thus, started a rumor, telling of his homosexuality. His family, as well as Verrocchio, intervened and eventuall y the charges were dropped. It is thought that this is why he spent much of his life as a recluse. (www.loadstar.prometeus.net/leonardo/life.html 1) He returned to Florence in 1500. (Hart 96) The Mona Lisa The Mona Lisa is regarded as the most famous and well-known works in all of art history. Leonardo painted it while working on The Battle of ...

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Personal Statement Example Later my mother told me that she had a disease called dyslexia. That little incident of my childhood had a far reaching impact on my life. After that I knew what I was going to do in life. I wanted to help mentally retarded people and specially the children with dyslexia. In school, I had a clear mind about what I was going to be. So I excelled in my education step by step until I was in high school. There I got practically involved in pursuing my aim. While in High school, I won a social service organizing contest and then I was given a chance to join an exchange trip in Wuhan. In there, we visited governmental welfare organizations. That was a very useful experience as we learnt how a welfare organization runs, focusing on children and mentally handicapped services. Thus for the first time I practically saw how I could help special children. This experience of volunteering in high school to work with mentally handicapped people was very close to my heart and that was what I had alw ays dreamt of doing, but that was also the most difficult thing that I had ever done until that time. It literally made me test my limits because I always wanted to do that and was planning to do that work in future too, but that was the first time when I also saw its challenges. That was the time when I had to practically decide whether to take up that job for good or to just sympathize with the people who were suffering and move on. After a few initial days, I settled down and I knew that was the only thing that I had ever wanted to do. The mentally handicapped people, who seemed difficult to handle in the first few days, became so dear to me that I could not possibly think of a better thing than to keep them happy and to help them live a better life. So I decided to be an occupational therapist. I also did a lot of volunteer work other than that while being in the high school, for instance I worked as an all time project constructor and the biggest project we did was the one in w hich we helped new immigrants from south Asia or Mainland China to fit in Hong Kong’s environment and to help them fight against discrimination that unfortunately prevails all around Hong Kong. I mainly focused on the students and children by providing tutorial classes of English, Maths and Chinese to them and holding events for them to fit in easily in Hong Kong. But even during that I kept my goal in mind and I focused more on the special children and tried helping their families and tied to help them. So I was honored with awards by The Social welfare Department of Hong Kong for winning the social service contest and for 3 years of volunteer service because I had served more than 100 hours in a year. These awards were nothing to me in comparison with those bright smiling eyes of special children that I had worked with. So I decided to stick with my goal. Keeping that goal in mind, I decided to pursue higher education in the USA. During that volunteer work, I aw many people working with the mentally retarded children. There were the teachers that helped those children to learn new things and I was impressed with their hard work and dedication and the patience with which they efficiently dealt with the children. I saw their attendants who helped those children with everything they ever did day in and day out. But the ones who impressed me the most were the therapists who actually worked to change the lives of those children. They helped them in getting better day by day. So I decided to

Property Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Property Analysis - Essay Example If we think about the investment part for the five floors building the amount of remuneration is very less since the interest being paid for the investment or capital is very high. The installment paid to the bank every month is almost 10,000$. Test2. Comparing the land utilized for the construction, some of the properties are very small not big enough produce good rental value and some of the properties are very big which cant generate greater rental compared to the market value. Commercial property: The super market where I shop is near to my residence and is on the main road in the center of the city. It is a seven floors commercial complex built on a 1500 sq.yard plot. The whole cellar is rented out for the super market, upper cellar is rented out for two different show rooms and the rest of the five floors are custom built as requested by the tenants before the construction of the complex. Since the physical location of the property is in the center of the city a lot of demand is obvious. 4. Commercially considering the complex is rented out for the maximum rent and also to the global clothes brand, telecom giants, chain of restaurants etc. The complex is also put to the best use since global brands employ more people and generating huge employment.

Critical summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Critical summary - Essay Example This trend towards political despotism led to the fall of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming dynasty had an all-powerful emperor with no real role for their regional aristocracy. The dynasty experienced administrative paralysis due to debilitating court factionalism and decline in imperial leadership. If a regional branch of government is not taken seriously, problems like peasant rebellion and invasion are likely to occur. This leads to the fall of any government. Constant invasion by the rebel army led by Li zicheng made emperor Weizong hang himself signifying the end of the Ming Dynasty. This section examines the management problems of dynasties. It, therefore, connects to other parts of the chapter that addresses the rise and fall of other Chinese dynasties. Generally governments that their despotism continues unabated usually oppress their subjects. Governments, therefore, need to be considerate of their subjects, they need to serve them equally to gain their trust and support for them to rule for a long period of time. The governments, therefore, needs to identify the possible fundamental reasons for failures to ensure that they  take a direction  that best suits their subjects to enhance their

Vocabulary and Key Definitions in the Human Body

Vocabulary and Key Definitions in the Human Body The endocrine system works with the nervous system and circulatory system to regulate the bodys activities of cells, tissues, and organs. The nervous system triggers the endocrine system to contract the specific gland and secrete a specific hormone to keep the body in homeostasis. The hormones bind to a protein to hitch a ride using the circulatory system to transport the hormones to get to where they are going. The endocrine system uses what is called negative feedback. Negative feedback works like this: when the body senses hormone A+ (positive) is over its limit, the body triggers hormone A- (negative) to start producing so the hormone balance is within a set limit or tells hormone A+ to stop producing that hormone for the time being. This reaction works both ways. The only glands that do not use negative feedback are the reproductive glands, they are on a positive feedback system. Positive feedback means an action or stimulation occurs, the glands start producing hormones that stimulate a different hormone or action. Once the initial action or stimulation ceases, the gland stops producing the hormone or action.Figure 2 (Browne, C., Dr.2016) Word Parts: -Crin to secrete Diuret to pass urine Endo inside Homeo similar Horm impetus, impulse Hypo below Lact ­ milk Para beside -Stasis slow down or stop Toc birth -Tropic influencing Key Terms: Active Transport movement of a substance through a cellular membrane that requires cellular energy. Anterior Diffusion movement from high to low concentrations, equaling out both sides. Glucose simple sugar that is required for energy within the body. Homeostasis internal environment staying the same on consistent. Negative Feedback System of slowing down to stopping process due to a specific input. Osmosis diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane (Bonewit-West, K., Hunt, S. A., Applegate, E. J., 2016) Passive Transport moves substance through a membrane and does not require cellular energy. Receptor Cell cell that binds to a specific chemical or hormone. Target Cell has a specific receptor added to the cell that will only reaction with a specific chemical or hormone. The  Endocrine  System Figure 1 (Endocrine Gland, 2016) How does it work? Endocrinology study of endocrine system Hormone chemical that influence growth, development, and metabolic activates (Bonewit-West, K., Hunt, S. A., Applegate, E. J., 2016. p 187) Classified as either Proteins or Steroids. Except for sex hormones (classified as proteins or protein derivatives). Endocrine Gland (ductless glands) do not have ducts but secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Pineal Gland -Aids in sleep. Secretes melatonin. Hypothalamus aids in stimulating other endocrine glands to release hormones (Shier, D., Butler, J., Lewis, R., Shier, D., 1999 p 496). Secretes tropic hormones. Pituitary Gland (The Master Gland) Kickstarts adrenals glands into secreting specific hormones, regulates growth, metabolism, balance of water (Dowshen, S., MD, 2015), and body composition. This system is divided into anterior and posterior lobes. Anterior lobe secretes Growth Hormone (GH), Stimulations Hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Follicle-stimulations Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), and Prolactin (PRL). Posterior secrete Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), and Oxytocin (OT). (Shier, D., Butler, J., Lewis, R., Shier, D., 1999 p 497) Thyroid Gland Their function is to regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Parathyroid Gland located behind the thyroid gland and regulates calcium and phosphate ions in the bloodstream. Secretes parathyroid hormone Figure 3 (Endocrine Gland, 2016) Thymus Aids in immunity and formations of different white blood cells. Secretes thymosins. Pancreas Serves a dual purpose as a digestive organ and endocrine gland. Regulates blood sugar. Secretes glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, Adrenal Gland located on top of the kidneys. Helps regulate metabolism, body response to stress, and blood pressure. It secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, aldosterone (Sargis, R. M., MD, PHD, n.d.), androgens (male), and estrogens (female) (Shier, D., Butler, J., Lewis, R., Shier, D., 1999 p 512) Ovary (female) Helps in the maturation of female. Secretes estrogen and progesterone. Testis (male) Helps in the maturation of male. Secretes testosterone. Other glands Lining of the stomach (not studied well) and small intestine (not studied well), heart (atrial natriuretic peptide), and kidneys (erythropoietin).What does this all mean? What happens is when a hormone is secreted into the bloodstream through osmosis or diffusion and it seeks out a specific target cell. Each cell, part of the body, gland, or type of organ had specific receptor cells. This target cell attaches to the receptor cell and tells the cell, part of the, body, gland, or type of organ what to do and/or what to release back into the blood stream. This attachment can be done through active to passive transport. The endocrine system affects the integumentary (skin), skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular (heart), lymphatic, digestive, respiratory (lungs), urinary, and reproductive systems. What can go wrong? Diabetes bodies unable to store or use glucose. There are 6 different types of diabetic conditions: gestational (while pregnant), hyperglycemia (too much glucose in the blood), Hypoglycemia (not enough glucose in the blood), prediabetes (warning prior to full diabetes), Type 1 (no insulin production), Type 2 (lack absorption of insulin). Growth disorders the pituitary gland doesnt produce enough somatotropin (growth hormone, aid in cell division) which doesnt make children grow at a normal rate. This does not affect brain function, just height, weight, and in severe cases; muscle and skeletal mass. These are just a few of the common endocrine disorders out of the many that are present in patients. References Bonewit-West, K., Hunt, S. A., Applegate, E. J. (2016). Todays medical assistant: clinical & administrative procedures. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. Browne, C., Dr. (2016, June 6). Advanced Vocabulary Study: Mastering Word Parts. Retrieved March 28, 2017, from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/advanced-vocabulary-study-mastering-word-parts-dr-charles-browne Dowshen, S., MD. (2015, July). Endocrine System. Retrieved March 28, 2017, from http://kidshealth.org/en/teens/endocrine.html Endocrine Gland. (2016, September 11). Retrieved March 28, 2017, from http://cephalicvein.com/2016/07/endocrine-gland/ Sargis, R. M., MD, PHD. (n.d.). An Overview of the Adrenal Glands. Retrieved March 28, 2017, from https://www.endocrineweb.com/endocrinology/overview-adrenal-glands Shier, D., Butler, J., Lewis, R., Shier, D. (1999). Holes human anatomy & physiology. Boston, MA: WCB/McGraw-Hill.

Things Fall Apart :: Essays Papers

Things Fall Apart In James Joyce’s Dubliners, a compellation of short stories, that portrays the hardships of everyday life in Ireland during the late 1800’s. Throughout many of these stories, Joyce shows the significance of an individual’s influence on society through examples of drinking, bonding with friends, shared memories/reminiscing, anger/envy, and sexual desire. Many of Joyce’s characters use these common themes to escape the troubles they may face in their everyday responsibilities. More specifically the characters in the two stories â€Å"The Dead†, and â€Å"Counterparts† provide evidence and specific examples of such re-occurring themes. From these particular instances it is evident that the actions of certain characters have a direct influence on them and society. In â€Å"Counterparts†, the main character Farrington uses alcohol to escape from his daily responsibilities. While at work he feels the need to leave and get a quick drink at a local bar to relieve the thirst in his throat, and hopes that by doing so he can return and finish the contract his boss had ordered. Upon his return to work, Farrington realizes there was not enough time for him to finish the contract by the deadline his boss had set. While sitting at his desk minding his predicament, Farrington thought of a place where he would rather be, â€Å"the dark damp night was coming and he longed to spend it at the bars, drinking with friends†¦ (85). So he left work and lied to his boss of the contract. After pawning off his pocket watch for money needed for the night Farrington met up with his friends at one of Ireland’s many bars. Sitting with his close friend Nossey Flynn, Farrington recited the story of how he skipped out of work that night, when he finished Flynn applauded him and â€Å"stood† Farrington a half drink of whiskey.(89) . This interaction between the friends shows how Farrington uses the relationships with hiss friends and joyful reminiscing to escape stress he faces from day to day. Farrington tries to use the ‘oh so familiar male bonding by physical feats, to escape more common stresses of the night by agreeing to an arm wrestling match with Weathers.

Ethical Considerations Project

Ethical Considerations Project Ethical Considerations I believe the ethical considerations in Brownfield v. Daniel Freeman Marina Hospital is for all hospitals to provide all information and access to emergency contraceptives to sexual assault and rape victims. In the defense of Brownfield, emergency contraceptives, Plan B, and oral synthetic hormones is the most common type of emergency contraceptives that should have been disclosed to her upon her request. These contraceptives are often called the â€Å"morning after pill or Plan B†.Some legal considerations are the Principles of Informed Consent. What this principle imposes is it allows a competent individual to advance his or her own welfare. This right and responsibility is performed by freely and willingly consenting or refusing consent to recommended medical procedures, based on a sufficient knowledge of the benefits, burdens, and risks involved. The ability to give informed consent depends on: 1) adequate   disclosur e of information; 2) patient   freedom   of choice; 3) patient   comprehension   of information; and 4) patient capacity for decision-making.By meeting these requirements, three necessary conditions are satisfied: 1) that the individuals decision is voluntary; 2) that this decision is made with an   appropriate   understanding of the circumstances; and 3) that the patients choice is deliberate insofar as the patient has carefully considered all of the expected benefits, burdens, risks  and reasonable alternatives. (â€Å"Ethical issues consent,† 2012) This becomes a matter of a legal issue when the Principles of Informed Consent can be proven in court that the victim was not given such information or allowed to exercise this principle.Supporters of this act argue that emergency contraception is a medically accepted way of preventing pregnancy and does not represent an abortion. A group specifically formed to make sure access to emergency contraception for rape, incest, and domestic violence victims, state that victims of sexual assault should have access to the best available treatment. Other's stressed the importance of giving victims of sexual assault medically, accurate and unbiased information and the choice to prevent an unintended pregnancy.Even though the American Medical Association’s medically accepted standard of care includes administering emergency contraception, only some hospitals unconditionally provide emergency contraception to rape victims. Access to emergency contraception has been a heavily debated issue because there has to be a balance between protecting health care provider’s religious and moral beliefs on one hand, and providing a uniform standard of care and maintaining patient rights on the other.This principle gives an important approach to the analysis of ethical questions arising from the general obligation to preserve human life and the limits of that obligation. Among other questions, the princi ple addresses whether the forgoing of life-sustaining treatment constitutes a physician-assisted suicide in certain circumstances and it guides individuals and surrogate decision-makers in the weighing of benefits and burdens. I truly agreed with the judge in his decision against the Catholic hospital.His decision in ruling the Catholic hospital to be in the wrong simply clarifies and justifies the importance and reasons of a hospital, which is to provide medical services to those in need. Just because it was against the Catholic principles in life, they should have still abided by the Principle of Informed Consent. There are thousands of Catholic churches worldwide in which the Catholic church has their own opportunities to preach and teach their beliefs.However, within a medical facility, I just do not believe in allowing them to preach their beliefs there. It is not the place for it. References Emergency contraception: More than a morning after pill. (1996). Medscape Today News. Retrieved from http://www. medscape. com/viewarticle/718161 Ethical issues consent. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. ukcen. net/index. php/ethical_issues/consent/legal_considerations1

Why do Successful Companies Fail

Why do Successful Companies Fail Why do Successful Companies Fail? Essay: Why Do Successful Companies Fail? Introduction The most important thing any business should get motivated to is the ability to make profits. If the business is not directed to reaching that goal, it heads to fail. If the business is directed to make that move, it should concentrate on the things that make it raise profits. Every successful business has goals, vision, mission and strategies to drive it to the goals and achievements (Zoss). If the business changes its organization culture, it will finally fail to acclimatize to the new culture and fail. Abandoning the set plan to help the company achieve its goals is the surest way to make the company fail because the plan has the conventions that drive the business. In the plan, many factors are considered from the top management to the subordinates (Adams 24). The employees are the instrument that help the business achieve its goals. If they are not respected, they will be not motivated and stop being assertive to work for the achievement of the company. Lack of team work in the business means that there is disintegration and people are not focused in achieving one goal. Most of the companies stagnate because the feel contented about their position sand fail to work harder and fail to expand their clientele. This results to unachieved goals in the business (Zoss). If the leaders do not delegate duties, they get overwhelmed by work and this slows the speed of achieving the goals in the company hence the failure of the business. Authoritative leadership with not delegation only overworks the head and leads to the employees becoming negatives about the management. This slows the rate of achievement hence a failed business (Adams 25). High turnover of workers is an indication that they are not contented with the company management. They resign and, the business trains other workers. Before the new employees understand the rule of the company, there is a slowed rate of achieving targets which may lead to a failed business. Businesses which do not have mechanisms of checking their achievements through strategic management end up failing because there is laxity when employees are not monitored. Rewarding the employees motivates them because they feel as stakeholders rather than instruments of achieving goals in the company (Zoss). If this is not done, employees fail to deliver their all and bring down the company to non performance. It is a gradual process where targets are not reached and, it transcends to truancy of employees and finally underachievement which leads to the collapse of the business (Adams 25). Failure to consult experts in business is one way that leads the business to fail because it is difficult hard to operate a business with orthodox strategies in the wave of globalization. If a business does not embrace technology, for instance use of the World Wide Web, it is bound to fail due to the competition in the market. Encouraging fraudsters in the business make the company lose a lot of money which affects the running capital (Adams 24). It is imperative to treat strangers with the utmost care for one never knows what they might do. If a business does not have a SWOT analysis, it is difficult to know the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the market and business. This leads to blind operations without a specified goal to achieve. This leads the company to gradual collapse because it does not move in any given direction (Zoss). You can get custom essay writing help from our professional writing service. Our writers will write a custom paper on any Business topic for you!

Special Stains Laboratory Report

Introduction Special Stains Laboratory Report IntroductionMethodMasson’s TrichromeCongo RedDiscussionReferencesRelated Introduction Staining is a technique that is used to diagnose or study the morphology of abnormal cells such as cancerous cells by highlighting the structural components of a tissue (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). Staining provides a contrast between different structures in a tissue specimen and allows its examination under a light microscope (Cook, 2006). Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) is a routine stain that is used to microscopically diagnose a vast majority of specimens in which the haematoxylin stains the nuclei, whereas the eosin is used to stain cytoplasm and other extracellular materials (Bancroft and Cook, 1995). According to Slauson and Cooper (2002) special stains are histochemical stains that react with known substances in the tissue. Mohan (2005) explains that special stains are required in various circumstances, where the pathologist needs to demonstrate certain constituent of the cells or the tissue to confirm the diagnosis by etiologic, histogenic and pathogenic components. This techniq ue is called special because they are not a routine stain that is performed on a tissue specimen, instead they are used in addition to HE stained sections (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). Special stains can identify the presence and abundance of any specific class of molecules in a tissue specimen for example periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction is used to identify carbohydrate substances such as glycogen (Slauson and Cooper, 2002). Other examples include Toluidine blue stain which is used to stain mast cell granules, Perl’s stain demonstrates iron in haemochromatosis, Ziehl-Neelsen stains mycobacteria and Giemsa staining is used to identify Helicobacter Pylori and Giardia organisms (Slauson and Cooper, 2002 and Bass et al., 2005) Masson’s trichrome (MT) and Congo red are the two main special staining methods used in pathology laboratories. Connective tissues consist of cells such as collagen fibres, elastic fibres, and glycosaminoglycans that are scattered within an extracellular matrix (Starr et al., 2011). These cells are distinguished by using a combination of dyes to stain different structures in various different colours (Starr et al., 2011). Masson’s trichrome is used to express collagen in tissues and involves staining with three different sized dyes to stain three diverse tissue densities (Cook, 2006). MT staining produces three distinct colours as the name suggests; nuclei and other basophilic structures are stained black with iron hematoxylin; collagen is stained green or blue depending on aniline light green or aniline blue; and cytoplasm, muscle, erythrocytes and keratin are stained bright red with Biebrich scarlet stain (Young et al., 2006). Since erythrocytes are the densest as the y are packed with haemoglobin, and less porous tissues they are stained with the smallest dye molecule, the intermediate cytoplasm and muscles cells are stained by the intermediate sized dye and the collagen is stained with the biggest dye (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). However, it has also been suggested that the acid dye which is the Biebrich Scarlet, first stains the tissue as it binds to its acidophilic elements (Carson, 2001). Subsequently, the tissue is treated with phosphomolybdic/phosphotungstic acids so that the less permeable components retain the red colour, whereas it is diffused out of the collagen fibers causing it to bind with the aniline blue or aniline light green (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). Young et al., (2006) describes that in addition to the use MT stain in assessing the degree of fibrosis, it is also used to evaluate portal tract structures such as the bile ducts, arteries and veins in inflamed liver According to Romhanyi (1971) (cited in Bely, 2006) Congo red is a special stain that is highly specific and a sensitive method for early diagnosis and recognition of amyloidosis.   Cook (2006) states that Congo red is used as the preferred method to identify amyloids in most laboratories on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue of patients with amyloidosis. Kiernan (2007) describes that amyloid is an intercellular material that varies in its composition and is deposited in tissues such as heart, muscle, kidneys, spleen, liver and brain, deposits differ in their composition. Rubin and Strayer (2008) explains that Congo red stain has a linear shaped molecule which helps it to bind to the ÃŽ ² pleated sheet structure of the amyloid through non-polar hydrogen bonds, giving it a red colour. Sen and Basdemir (2003) states that Congo red fluorescence (CRF) is another method that examines the amyloid deposits stained with Congo red under polarized light which shows a red-green birefring ence and according to Rocken and Eriksson (2009) this is the gold standard for diagnosing amyloid. During this experiment special stain techniques were used to analyse specific tissue elements Aims To identify fibroids in uterine tissue section using Masson’s trichrome stain To identify amyloid in spleen tissue section using Congo red stain To discuss advantages of special stains To use special stains to identify important diagnostic features of the tissue To understand the mechanism used by special stains Method Masson’s Trichrome The formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded uterine tissue section was deparaffinized and rehydrated through 100% alcohol, 95% alcohol, and 70% alcohol.   The section was washed in distilled water and then stained in Weigert’s iron hemotoxylin working solution for 10 minutes. It was then rinsed in running warm tap water for 10 minutes and then washed in distilled water. The next step was to stain the uterine tissue section in Biebrich scarlet-acid fuchsin solution for 15 minutes, and then it was washed using distilled water. It was then differentiated in phosphomolybdic – phosphotungstic solution for 15 minutes or until collagen was not red. The tissue section was then transferred directly (without rinsing) to aniline blue solution and stained for 5-10 minutes. Afterwards the tissue section was rinsed briefly in distilled water and differentiated in 1% acetic acid solution for 1 minute. It was then washed in distilled water and dehydrated very quickly through 95% ethyl a lcohol, absolute ethyl alcohol (to wipe off Biebrich scarlet-acid fuschin staining) and then cleared in xylene. The section was then mounted with resinous mounting medium. Finally the slide was examined under the light microscope. Congo Red The spleen tissue section was deparaffinized and hydrated to distilled water. The section was then stained in Congo red working solution for 10 minutes and rinsed in distilled water. It was then quickly differentiated (5-10 dips) in alkaline alcohol solution and rinsed in tap water. The section was then counterstained in Gill’s haematoxylin for 10 seconds and rinsed in tap water for 2 minutes. Following that, the section was dipped in ammonia water (made by adding a few drops of ammonium hydroxide to tap water and mixing it well) for 30 seconds or until the sections had turned blue. It was then rinsed in tap water for another 5 minutes and dehydrated through 95% alcohol, and 100% alcohol. The section was cleared in xylene and mounted with mounting medium. The slide was then examined under a light microscope. Fig 1: Normal uterine tissue stained with Masson’s trichrome viewed under 10 x 10 microscopic magnification Fig 2: Fibroid uterine tissue stained with Masson’s trichrome viewed under 10 x 10 microscopic magnification The microscopic slide (Fig. 1) shows a normal uterus tissue that was stained with Masson’s trichrome, which showed the nuclei stained black, smooth muscle stained red and the collagen fibres stained blue.   Figure 2 shows a uterus tissue specimen stained with Masson’s trichrome that revealed excessive amount of collagen stained in blue, smooth muscle stained red and nuclei stained black.    Fig 3: Spleen tissue stained with Congo red showing amyloid deposits under 1010 microscopic magnification Fig. 4 Spleen tissue stained with Congo red adapted from Stevens and Lowe, (2000) Discussion Norwitz and Schorge   (2006) states that fibroids also referred to as Leiomyomata, are benign tumours of the myometirum of the uterus   that is mainly composed of smooth muscle and extracellular fibrous material such as the collagen, Fibroids do not   invade surrounding tissues or organs and they can occur in different locations within the uterus (Lark, 1996). The symptoms include heavy periods, frequent urination, constipation, bloating and backache (Tulandi, 2003) Masson’s trichrome was used to stain the uterus tissue (Fig. 1) which showed the collagen stained in blue, smooth muscle and erythrocytes stained red and the nuclei appeared black. MT stain revealed that the normal uterus tissue (Fig. 1) had a small amount of collagen present whereas the other uterus tissue (Fig. 2) showed an elevated amount of collagen stained in blue which suggested fibrosis. MT is an advantageous technique in medicine as it allows comparing the degree of fibrosis before and after the treatment biopsies to show if the treatment has been effective and successful. It is a routine stain for kidney and liver biopsies and this can be used on paraffin fixed sections as well as on frozen sections. Kambic et al., (1986) describes that there are different types of collagen and their organization is better shown using Sirius red with polarized light. Sirius red is a hydrophilic dye, in which type I collagen appears orange or red whereas type III collagen appears green (Kumar, 2005). Congo red was used to stain a spleen tissue section where figure 3 showed amyloid deposits in pink and nuclei in blue. Fig. 4 revealed a high amount of amyloid deposits in pink which suggested amyloidosis that is the disorder caused by abnormal deposition of intracellular or extracellular insoluble amyloid which changes the normal tissue function (Stevens and Lowe, 2000). Special stains is an important tool for pathologists   as it allows to the microscopically view and identify cells, tissues and microorganisms, providing an alternative to immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and various other diagnostic techniques. References Bancroft, J. D. Gamble, M.   (2008).   ‘Theory and practice of histological techniques’.   [Online].   (6th ed).   Philadelphia, PA : Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Dhn2KispfdQCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Theory+and+practice+of+histological+techniqueshl=enei=ifGETZKEPcWwhAfSvPW_BAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false.   [Accessed 7th March 2011]. Bancroft. J. D. Cook, H. C.   (1995).   ‘Manual of histological techniques and their diagnostic application’.   Edinburgh [u.a.] : Churchill Livingstone. Bass, P., Burroughs, S. Way, C.   (2005).   ‘Systematic pathology : a clinically-orientated core text with self assessment’.   Edinburgh : Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. Bely, M. (2006). Histochemical differential diagnosis and polarization optical analysis of amyloid and amyloidosis TheScientificWorldJournal. 6, p.154-168. Carson, F. L.   (2001).   ‘Histotechnology : a self-instructional text’.   (2nd ed).   Chicago : ASCP Press. Cook, D. J.   (2006).   ‘Cellular pathology : introduction to techniques and applications’.   (2nd ed).   Bloxham: Scion Publishing Limited. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1440-1827.2003.01513.x/abstract Kiernan, J. A.   (2007).   ‘Histological and histochemical methods’.   (4th ed).   Cold Spring Harbor (N.Y.) : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Mohan, H.   (2005).   ‘Essential pathology for dental students’.   [online]. (3rd ed).   New Delhi : Jaypee Brothers.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HmkTtLyxXF8Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=essential+pathology+for+dental+studentshl=enei=xRCCTaiHMs24hAezp6G8BAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=bookthumbnailresnum=1ved=0CDAQ6wEwAA#v=onepageqf=false. [Accessed: 11th March 2011]. Odze, R. D. Goldblum, J. R.   (2009).   ‘Surgical pathology of the GI tract, liver, biliary tract and pancreas’.   [Online].   (2nd ed).   Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8ITX093f1j0Cpg=PA1143dq=Masson%27s+trichrome+staining+in+liverhl=enei=OB2GTYuVLYuqhAfJ_6m8BAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=2ved=0CDgQ6wEwAQ#v=onepageq=Masson%27s%20trichrome%20staining%20in%20liverf=false.   [Assessed 16th March 2011] Rocken, C. Eriksson, M. (2009). Amyloid and amyloidoses Der Pathologe. 30, (3), p.182-192. Rubin, R. Strayer, D. S.   (2008).   ‘Rubin’s Pathology : clinicopathologic foundations of medicine’.   [Online].   (5th ed).   Philadelphia [u.a.] : Lippincott Williams Wilkins.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kD9VZ267wDECpg=PA990dq=mechanism+of+congo+red+stainhl=enei=ADGFTcSQDZGJhQf-n5iuBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=4ved=0CEUQ6wEwAw#v=onepageq=mechanism%20of%20congo%20red%20stainf=false.   [Assessed 7th March 2011]. Sen, S. Basdemir, G. (2003). Diagnosis of renal amyloidosis using Congo red fluorescence Pathology international. 53, (8), p.534-538. Slauson, D. O.   Cooper, B. J.   (2002).   ‘Mechanisms of disease : a textbook of comparative general pathology’.   [Online].   (3rd ed).   St. Louis, MO. [u.a.] : Mosby.   Available from : http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vRhtM0UMUh4Cpg=PA5dq=special+stainshl=enei=-vSETaMeqJKEB83RwccEsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=1ved=0CCoQ6wEwADgK#v=onepageq=special%20stainsf=false.   [Accessed 4th March 2011]. Young B., Lowe, J. S, Stevens, A. Heath, J. W. (2006).   ‘Wheater’s functional histology : a text and colour atlas’.   (5th ed).   Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone Tulandi, T.   (2003).   ‘Uterine fibroids : embolization and other treatments’.   [Online].   Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fZ8eha5yIfcCprintsec=frontcoverdq=fibroidshl=enei=oyOGTfnfMJGGhQeY_92_BAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=7ved=0CGAQ6wEwBg#v=onepageqf=false.   [Assessed 15th March 2011]. Stevens, A. Lowe, J.   (2000).   ‘Pathology’.   (2nd ed).   Edinburgh [u. a.] : Mosby Starr, C., Evers, C. A. Starr, L.   (2011).   ‘Biology : concept and applications’.   [Online].   (8th ed).   United States : Cengage Learning.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_16xbB2Py_UCpg=PA454dq=connective+tissuehl=enei=zYeITdaEAsywhAf61cm6Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=10ved=0CFYQ6wEwCTgK#v=onepageq=connective%20tissuef=false.   [Assessed 8th March 2011]. Lark, S. M.   (1996).   ‘Natural treatment of fibroid tumors and endometriosis : effective natural solutions for relieving the heavy bleeding, cramps and infertility that accompany these common female problems’.   New Canaan, Conn : Keats Pub. Norwitz, E. R. Schorge, J. O.   (2006).   ‘Obstetrics and Gynaecology at a glance’.   (2nd ed).   Malden, Massachusetts : Blackwell. Kumar, R. K. (2005). Morphological methods for assessment of fibrosis Methods in Molecular Medicine. 117, p.179-188. Kambic, H. E., Kantrowitz, A. Sung, P.   (1986).   ‘Vacular graft update : safety and performance, a symposium’. [Online].   Philadelphia, PA : ASTM.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NU0cVwIPk_oCpg=PA162dq=limitations+of+collagen+stainhl=enei=AEKLTcmzMsmYhQe1hJHEDgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=10ved=0CFsQ6AEwCQ#v=onepageqf=false.   [Assessed 20th March 2011].

Branding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Branding - Essay Example The idea that you are what you buy - that possessions confer status - has long existed and guided some purchasing, as most notably observed by Thorstein Veblen (1899). However, as status became associated with specific brands, the next step historically became the marketing of brand imitations.The act of branding can be traced back to the early 1800's when cowboys would brand their cattle before driving them across the central plains of the United States (Rozin 2002). In order to identify which cattle belonged to each ranch a unique symbol was permanently burned onto the cow. These symbols, in addition to serving as a means of identification, provided a set of traditions and a social identity for the cowboys.Today, companies use brands to distinguish themselves from their competition and to communicate unique qualities of their products (Aaker and Keller 1990; Low and Fullerton 1994). Once a brand is established, the brand name itself is thought to add value to the product in the min ds of consumers. This added value is referred to as brand equity (Aaker 1991). Companies and designers often employ marketing strategies that capitalize on their brand equity and place a greater value on the shapes and labels of their products than the material from which they are made. Such companies provide buyers with what are conventionally called elite brands, defined by Silverstein and Fiske (2003) as those brands that possess higher levels of quality, taste and aspiration than other brands in the product category. These products are often justifiably priced higher than other brands in order to make their brand seem exclusive and more prestigious. For example, elite designers are able to transform a 10 pound t-shirt into a $200 sought after treasure (Chatpaiboon 2004). Recently, Hermes reported that customers were placed on a two-year waiting list for their most popular Birkin bag, which retails for $6000 (Branch 2004). On EBay, women engaged in bidding wars over a blue Birkin bag for which the winner ultimately paid over $13,000 (Rose 2003). Many manufacturers have been successful in commanding a price premium for their brands. However, it seems that some designers and manufacturers have become victims of their own success. Once an elite brand has become so closely associated with status and prestige in the minds of consumers, it is only natural that other companies would want to imitate it (Rose 2003). Those who use brand imitating as a strategy to facilitate the adoption of their new product copy certain characteristics of the original brand (Kotler and Keller 2007). Previous research has shown that consumers often use their existing perceptions of a brand to evaluate new offerings such a product or line extensions (Aaker and Keller 1990). Because it appears similar to the original brand, consumers will then transfer attributes of the original

Recurring U.S. Government Spending and Debt Ceiling Crises Assignment

Recurring U.S. Government Spending and Debt Ceiling Crises - Assignment Example Increase in worsening of economic condition will result in further decline of the value of the US dollar. Question 3: The overall healthcare expenditure of the United States of America will increase by 6.1 percent due to Obama Care Act in 2014 and Morgan states that this estimate is lesser than the previous estimates of increase in government spending by 7.4% (Morgan 1). An increase of 6.1% will result in a total expenditure of $3 trillion on the healthcare system. Question 4: From the period of 2009 to 2013 the Medicare spending increased at an average of 0.02 trillion. During the period of 2009 it was 0.42 trillion and during the period of 2013 it was 049 trillion, while it fell from 0.48 trillion of 2011 to 0.47 trillion in 2012. It is expected that in 2014 it would rise to 0.52 trillion (usgovernmentspending.com 1). Question 5: The United States has budgeted that its overall government spending for the period of 2014 will be 3.7 trillion and this will include spending on pensions, health care, defense as well as welfare (usfederalbudget.us 1). In order to cover this budget of 3.7 trillion, the government has projected to collect a total of 3.0 trillion on tax revenues (usgovernmentrevenue.com 1). This means that a total of 0.7 trillion in tax revenues need to be increased to cover all government spending. Question 6: By the end of 2013 the United States’ federal government debt to GDP ratio was 101.6% and by the period of 2003 it was 59.5%. This means that the debt to GDP ratio of the United States Federal government has almost increased by 66% in 10 years time period which is quite an alarming situation (tradingeconomics.com 1). Question 7: The FED or Federal Reserve Bank of United States already owns 64% of the debt of United States government (Jeffrey 1). The FED owns this amount since it is purchasing government bonds in order to help the federal government to